Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that affects movement and often develops slowly over time. While researchers don’t know the exact cause of Parkinson’s, they believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a role. Understanding the common causes and recognizing the early symptoms is important for getting the right diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible. Here’s a simple explanation of what may cause Parkinson’s and the most common symptoms to look out for.
■ What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is still unknown. Scientists believe that Parkinson’s is caused by a mix of genetics, environmental factors, and changes in the brain over time. Let’s look at each of these factors in more detail.
1. Genetics
Some people may inherit a higher risk for Parkinson’s due to genetic factors. There are certain genes that have been linked to Parkinson’s, like the LRRK2and PARK7genes. If someone has a family member with Parkinson’s, their risk of developing the disease may be slightly higher. However, having these genes does not guarantee that a person will get Parkinson’s.
2. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors can also increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s. Exposure to certain chemicals, like pesticides or herbicides, has been linked to a higher risk of Parkinson’s. People who work in agriculture or live in rural areas may have more exposure to these chemicals. Heavy metal exposure and pollution may also play a role.
3. Age and Gender
Parkinson’s disease is more common in people over the age of 60. As people get older, the risk increases. Men are also more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women, although the reasons for this difference are not fully understood.
4. Brain Changes
Parkinson’s is caused by the gradual loss of nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. These cells produce a chemical called dopamine, which helps control movement. When these cells die, there isn’t enough dopamine to send the right signals to the rest of the brain, causing the movement problems typical of Parkinson’s.
■ Early Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease usually start off mild and get worse over time. They can vary from person to person, but most people with Parkinson’s will experience issues with movement and coordination. The symptoms typically start on one side of the body and then gradually affect both sides.
Here are the five most common early symptoms to watch for:
1. Tremors
Tremors, or shaking, are one of the first and most noticeable signs of Parkinson’s. They often start in one hand or arm and happen when the person is at rest. For example, someone with Parkinson’s might notice a slight shaking in their hand while they’re sitting or relaxing. This shaking usually gets better when they use the hand for an activity, like holding a cup or writing.
2. Stiff Muscles (Rigidity)
People with Parkinson’s may experience stiffness in their muscles. This stiffness makes it harder for them to move or stretch their arms and legs. They might also feel pain in their muscles or joints. Muscle stiffness can cause a person to move more slowly and may make it harder to do everyday activities, like getting dressed or reaching for objects.
3. Slow Movement (Bradykinesia)
As Parkinson’s progresses, it can cause a person’s movements to become slower. This symptom, called bradykinesia, makes it hard to start movements and can cause the person to feel “frozen” in place. For example, it may take longer to stand up from a chair or to start walking after stopping. This slowness can make daily activities, like eating or brushing teeth, take more time and effort.
4. Balance Problems
People with Parkinson’s often have trouble with balance and coordination. This makes it easier for them to fall or feel unsteady when standing or walking. As the disease gets worse, they may start to stoop forward, shuffle their feet when they walk, or have trouble turning around.
5. Small, Cramped Handwriting (Micrographia)
Another common early symptom of Parkinson’s is a change in handwriting. People may notice that their handwriting has become smaller, cramped, or harder to read. This condition, called micrographia, is due to the brain’s inability to control fine motor skills.
■ How to Recognize Early Signs of Parkinson’s
The early signs of Parkinson’s can be easy to miss, especially because they develop slowly.
Here are a few more tips on what to look for:
- Tremors in One Hand: If you notice a slight shaking in one hand or arm while at rest, and it doesn’t go away, it could be an early sign.
- Trouble Walking: If someone starts shuffling their feet, having trouble lifting their legs, or seems to “freeze” while walking, it’s worth looking into.
- Loss of Facial Expressions: Parkinson’s can affect facial muscles, making it harder to smile, frown, or show other expressions. This can make the person’s face look “masked” or blank.
- Sudden Changes in Mood or Sleep: Depression, anxiety, or trouble sleeping can sometimes be early warning signs. If these problems start suddenly and are paired with movement issues, it may be related to Parkinson’s.
- Voice Changes: People with Parkinson’s may speak more softly or have a voice that sounds hoarse or monotone.
If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it’s a good idea to see a doctor. The earlier Parkinson’s is diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
■ Conclusion
Parkinson’s disease is a complex condition with no single cause. It’s likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it mostly affects older adults. Early symptoms like tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and balance problems can be signs of Parkinson’s, so it’s important to pay attention to these changes and talk to a doctor if you notice them.
Understanding the common causes and recognizing early symptoms can help people get diagnosed and start treatment sooner, leading to a better quality of life. If you suspect that you or a loved one might have Parkinson’s, don’t wait—seek medical advice right away.
